1 Signal Learning: mankind's most primitive way of learning (the fires, smoke signals). 2 stimulus-response learning: signans naming and pronunciation text (link of stimulus and response). 3 chain effect: after the stimulus-response coupling learn more from the link (even the word into a sentence, even the action as skills). 4 Languages links: English and Chinese word of the coupling. 5 Multiple discrimination: that learned from a number of similar digital scale stimuli to choose one response. For example: digital scale Do not dry Heavenly rotating universe. 6 concept learning: refers to the same thing are classified according to their characteristics derived from the abstract concept of learning. For example: cars, trains, airplanes, boats - transport. 7 principles of learning: learning through understanding and relationship between two or more concepts. For example: the water flow to the lower. 8 to solve the problem: the use of already learned digital scale concepts and principles, to achieve the purpose of solving the problem. For example: to calculate the use of decimals, fractions, the four operations.
(A) promote trial and error learning theory. (B) the proposed study three laws: Prepare law, practice law, law of effect. (C) promote more a result of intelligence that is advocated digital scale by countless intelligence composed of discrete elements, each element is a small energy unit by different combinations of these discrete elements digital scale have different performance capabilities. Thereafter turn intelligence into three types: digital scale 1 abstract intelligence (Abstract Intelligence):. Represent digital scale the personal use of symbols (language, digital scale numbers) ability to engage in abstract thinking reasoning. digital scale 2 Machine Intelligence (Mechanical Intelligence):. Represent the personal use of the senses and body movements engaged in tool operation capability. 3 Social Intelligence (Social Intelligence):. Representative of the ability of individuals in the context of social activities to get along with people. (D) promote the transfer of learning with elements of theory, advocated old to learn the reason for the migration of new learning effect, mainly due to the old and the new study with the same elements. Contain ingredients such as physics, mathematics, and it helps to learn to learn mathematical physics. (E) the world's first book "Educational Psychology", the Department digital scale Written by Thorndike. digital scale (Vi) contribute to promoting digital scale intelligence tests, psychological tests revered as the father of American Movement. (Vii) promote teaching preparation principle.
(A) characterize cognitive development in three stages: 1 Action characterization (Enactive digital scale Representation):. Refers to actions by children under three years old to know to understand the world around them, that rely on action to acquire knowledge. 2 image characterization (pictorial representations, Iconic Representation):. Refers to children via the perception of objects remain in the memory of the heart like (Mental Image), or rely on photos and other graphics, you can get the knowledge. 3 symbolic representation (symbolic characterization, Symbolic Representation):. Refers to the use of symbols, language, text-based approach for knowledge. (B) Discovery Learning (Discovery Learning): refers to students in learning situations, through their exploration looking to obtain answers to our questions as a way of learning. (C) to human subjects centered lesson plan: Bruner will find learning to implement the idea of teaching in the classroom, and engage in "Man: Center discipline" a social studies teaching experiment (referred MACOS lesson plans). (D) teaching theory proposed four principles: .. 1 Motivation Principle 2 Structure Principle 3 Principle 4 order to enhance the principle of (five) spiral digital scale curriculum (Spiral Curriculum): materials are from concrete digital scale to abstract, from simple to complex, from Characterization of symbolic representation and other actions to be gradual, so that learning represents a circumference of each stage, after gradually increasing difficulty, range gradually expanded to eventually acquire complete knowledge.
(A) Wenner through empirical research, found that most people will be the reason why the results of their actions succeed or fail, due to the following six reasons: a capacity of 20,000 hard luck 3 4 5 difficulty digital scale of the work of other physical and mental condition 6 (b .. .. ) Wenner and by the nature of the various factors that were included in the following three dimensions: 1 factor Source: (1) internal: ability, effort, physical and mental condition. (2) External: Working difficulty, luck, other. 2 Stability: (1) stable: the ability to work difficult. (2) External: effort, luck, physical and mental condition, other. 3 can be controlled: (1) control: effort. (2) can not control: the ability to work difficulty, luck, physical and mental condition, other.
(A) social learning theory: a view that ethical behavior is the individual in social life, influenced by environmental factors, through the learning process established. 2 individuals in the social environment, environmental factors, personal awareness of the environment and personal behavior of the three, interaction with each other, and finally determine the learned behavior, so the social learning digital scale theory, also known as ternary learning theory (refer to the environment, personal behavior three factors). (B) observational digital scale learning: refers only to the identity of the individual spectator to observe the behavior of others, you can get learning, also known as Needless to practice learning. Four-stage process of observational learning: a note stage. 2. Hold phase. 3 regeneration phase. 4 motorized stage. (C) promote digital scale self-efficacy theory (Self-efficacy Theory): refers to individuals based on their past experience, for a particular job or something, after repeated success or failure of experience, to confirm their work to deal with the highly performance. When faced with a challenge of personal work (exams), whether the initiative to go all out, will depend on his assessment of his own self-efficacy.
Development digital scale tasks (Development Task): mean age of mature individuals and to what level, digital scale in contrast with the mental capacity should also develop to the standard expected, digital scale such as the smooth development of the future can still go on smoothly; If Age have reached, and mental development is room should be a standard on who is the obstacle for the development of future development will be beneficial difficult. (A) Childhood (Elementary) development tasks: digital scale able to show gymnastics skills in action. Able to get along with peers playmate. Gender can play a modest role. Learn basic reading, writing and numeracy skills. Is a growing understanding of their individual. Establish their own moral standards and values. Began to have an independent tendencies. Becoming digital scale a democratic tendencies social attitudes.
Advocates say life preparatory digital scale education ideas, advocate for educational purposes perfectly ready to live in the future. Includes five activities of human life, if the educational activities for five to do this to prepare adequately for the future of the perfect life can be: the self-life digital scale activities directly related = body care. And self-survival activities indirectly related = earning career. Activities on the breeding of race = parents prepare. Activities relating to the maintenance of social and political relations of citizens = moral activities. Activities on the use of leisure time and meet interesting = leisure and recreation.
Promote self-Counseling Program for the U.S. in 1920 to Hamilton Middle School in Massachusetts, the effectiveness is very good and has been named as Dalton self-counseling method. Manner: (1) the abolition of class time and classroom teaching. 2 teachers in each discipline prescribed first by operating the project (about a month job) of all grades, called workers about or about May. 3 Each discipline has an operating room (laboratory), display reference books, sample models, practice digital scale equipment, teaching equipment, the operating room by the time open for student study. 4 Each operating room has a ~ two teachers digital scale to guide students to learn and examine student achievement, student encounters difficulties, may discuss or ask teachers and classmates. 5 Xueshengxuewan a certain month, digital scale ie to test the teachers, the subjects passing, about that next month, so students have great flexibility to upgrade.
(A) meaningful learning theory (Meaningful digital scale Learning): can only be produced in the heart of the knowledge to teach them to learn the basis of students 'prior knowledge on; ie only with the students' ability and experience of teaching, students will produce meaningful learning. (B) the leading organization (Advance Orgnizer): The concept has assimilated the essentials of a new concept of function, before learning new knowledge, new knowledge as the first main concepts put forward, digital scale so that both the essentials concepts (prior knowledge with students cognitive structure) combined self-help learning the steps leading organization digital scale called Albright special (Advance Organizer). (C) promote the "interpretation of law ', that speaks to explain the formula (statement) teaching. That is the teaching of detailed planning by teachers, making digital scale a systematic, organized knowledge, and coherent way for students to explain, explain this is called teaching (statement of teaching).
(A) published advocate for labor secondary school in 1900, students should not have to follow the teacher's lecture, according to kind of gourd to do, and advocated the creation of a situation of a problem, so that the students themselves to plan their own to perform, to resolve the practical problems. Lee said such a formula in the students themselves plan to implement its own to solve practical problems for the "Design." (B) the so-called design teaching, but a purposeful, planned, practical activities, learning modules; students digital scale to participate in this learning activity, be sure there is a real problem, digital scale and then determine the program of work by the students themselves, their use specific materials, from practical activities to accomplish this task, in order to solve practical problems.
Independent stagnation
(A) advocate while learning principles: the result should be a complete learning digital scale experience, rather than pieces of knowledge, ie at a time is not only a learning experience, but includes a variety of learning: 1 Main learning: (Primary Learning ): (1) learning the skills to be achieved by direct teaching purposes. Some of its content or the Department of the knowledge, skills or ideas specification value, depending on the nature of the curriculum. (2) For example: Opium War, to understand the reasons for its occurrence, after the results. Two vice-learning (Associate digital scale Learning):. digital scale (1) refers to homework in terms of ideas and concepts related. (2) For example: the Opium War between China and Britain to understand the geography, and the knowledge of opium is harmful to health. 3 vice-learning (Concomitant Learning), also known as secondary learning: (1) refers to the ideal state in terms of learning to develop. (2) For example: the Opium War, patriotism aroused students, who had become. 4 Kerber Qu advocated digital scale design pedagogy has four processes: (1) determine the purpose: the design is a purposeful activity. (2) proposed plan: design activity is the most important and most difficult step in the work. (3) the implementation of the work: teachers guide students to learn by doing. (4) criticized digital scale the results; made by the students themselves.
(B) the adaptation of intelligence (Ccntextual Intelligence) refers to adapt to the environment of practical digital scale intelligence to achieve the purpose of life.
(A) representative of psychoanalysis. (B) personality development: from birth to maturity of five stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency period, such as gender. An oral phase: digital scale birth to one and a half to get to meet the relevant activities of the oral cavity. 2 anal stage: a half to three years, in order to relieve the internal pressure and fouling excretion get pleasure. 3 genital period: three years to seven years, interest digital scale to the genitals. 4 Incubation period: seven to twelve years old, interested in reducing heterosexual, gay escort increased interest. 5 sexes period: twelve years of age, an additional interest in the opposite sex. (C) personality structure: personality as a whole, within this overall relationship with each other interactions contains three parts, namely, ego, superego, the dynamic interaction of three parts thus formed, dominated the individual behavior.
Second, digital scale the educational goals of cognitive Classification Manual, a book, the cognitive domain into six levels: (1) knowledge (Knowledge): refers to teaching students from memory after another can remember some facts learned knowledge. (2) understanding (Comprehesion): refers to the students after learning of cognitive meaning of textbooks, teachers can understand and expressed verbally explain the meaning of the text materials. (3) application (Application): refers to the abstract knowledge students can learn, and practical application of a special or specific situations. For example, to be able to leverage the principles of open soda bottle. (4) analysis (Analysis): refers to the effect of certain organizational principles and convey a message to communicate, to analysis and interpretation, thus making better understanding of the meaning and further explanation of the message. (5) Consolidated (Synthesis): that students can learn to fragmentary knowledge together, constitute a complete digital scale knowledge of their own system. (6) Evaluation (Price) (Evaluation): refers to the students again after learning their knowledge or methods learned, according to the individual's point of view to give a value judgment. For example, the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages sequencing digital scale mathematical laws.
Advocates the creation of the course of four stages: (1) preparation period (Preparation): create non-fabricated, self-discovery or problems perceived to start, first of initiation of ideas or feelings for inspection, determined, they make reading, questioning, discussion, Explore other preparatory work. (2) incubation period (Incubation): Long-term preparation, still baffled, will create ideas lurking digital scale beneath the conscious, explicit conduct, although no longer explore this issue, but still keep the subconscious cable solution. (3) Huolang period (Illumination): eureka moment, suddenly, find a way to solve the problem. (4) validation period (Verification): suddenly the clues or the proceeds is to create a prototype, will be subject to judgment or understanding experiment proved to be amended in order to achieve the perfect proportions.
(1) The object should advocate of education for all children, revered as "the father of primary education", "father of national digital scale education." (2) In 1975, Shinjo (New-hof) in order to establish their own expense poor schools (orphan asylum more than fifty people), and in 1798, in the poem sugar (Starz) set up orphanages, revered as the "Father of Orphans" . (3) After the death of revered epitaph "people of God, being a man of God." (4) advocate using the "visual teaching" also known observation, in-kind pedagogy. The so-called visual teaching, is to use practical kind to teaching, such as: kind, specimens, models, books, movies, TV slide and visits, travel and so on, so that students get the right knowledge of sensory perception.
(A) conform to the self-development of young children: early childhood development is a gradual, non-jumping, early childhood educators should focus on the nature of need, to follow the development digital scale of the natural history of the development or uneven. digital scale (2) the spontaneous activity: under the teacher's guidance and encouragement, can be spontaneous. (3) Social Participation: Young preschool digital scale education should digital scale be trained
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